Water Quality Workshop Quick Survey

I am planning a new workshop on water quality for professionals intending to further their understanding in the growing water industry or educators wanting to learn about the intricacies of water education.

 

Having gotten feedback from a few associates, I would like to further refine the scope of my workshop before rolling it out. As such, if you can spare 5-10min to complete a survey here, I would much appreciate your contribution.

 

In addition, I will share a summary of the survey results with all respondents. (Incidentally, this is something I would like to see more surveyors practising when I participate in their surveys.) The survey will close on 31 Oct 2016.

 

Start the survey now.

 

Thank you

Should you be worried about lead and asbestos in your drinking water?

This is a follow-up from my earlier post - Ok, water from the water treatment plant is clean... do I still need water filters?


It has a couple of open ended remarks which I feel should be addressed. In addition, I have been queried about these same points by my students.


Lead
Nasty substance to consume. Well known for its neutrotoxicity, it causes mental retardation. Children are especially vulnerable, leading to learning difficulties and delays in development. Being a systemic poison, it can also lead to high blood pressure and kidney damage. Unlike many other elements, lead has no useful purpose in the human body.


Is it in our water or not?
Bear in mind that I am speaking about Singapore tap water here. Apparently, this issue has been brought up before to PUB, especially after the lead in water scare in Hong Kong in 2014.


http://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/askst-could-tap-water-to-homes-be-contaminated-by-heavy-metals-from-the-pipes (Jul 2016)


http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/no-lead-contamination/1991828.html (Jul 2015)


In a nutshell, the articles tell us not to be worried about lead in tap water here because

1. Our local regulations state that “Lead or lead alloy, and water fittings made of lead or lead alloy, including soldering joints with lead content are not allowed for use in potable water supply systems in Singapore,”
2. Extensive monitoring and sampling are done on water in various stages of its treatment and conveyance, all the way to the tap end in the consumer's premises. No lead has been detected so far.
3. Older pipes (which MAY have lead) are continually and systematically being replaced with the current safe ones.

My thoughts

1. Unless you happen to live in a really old building which still retains its leaded pipes over the decades... and unless somehow your building falls under the radar of the extensive sampling and monitoring programme... then maybe you should be worried.
2. Nevertheless, I still prefer to see more transparency on the sampling and monitoring programme e.g. where and when do sampling and monitoring take place. How often are they done? Better still, more water quality data should be available to the public. A once-a-year report that averages the values for the 100+ water quality parameters seems too superficial.

Figure: lead and copper pipes

Asbestos
This was formerly used in cement piping for reinforcement. Over time, as the cement pipe undergoes wear and tear, the asbestos fibres can end up in the water. Though inhalation of asbestos is the most common route of entry, evidence suggests that cancers in the esophagus, larynx, oral cavity, stomach, colon and kidney may be caused by ingesting asbestos.


First, it seems that WHO is not convinced that ingesting asbestos in drinking water poses any hazard to health. Hence, there is no WHO guideline value for asbestos in drinking water.


See: http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/dwq/asbestos.pdf


And in case you are still worried, good news here!


See: http://news.asiaone.com/news/singapore/water-tight-singapore-plugs-leaks-cut-wastage


In 2008, there was a major exercise by PUB to replace 120km of Asbestos-Cement Lined pipes to Ductile Iron pipes with cement lining. It seems the only pipes we have under PUB jurisdiction are either ductile iron with cement lining, stainless steel or copper.


Since asbestos cement (AC) pipes are typically only used by PUB for its major pipes, even your old building should not have them.

Figure: AC pipes

Hope the above are helpful to you in assessing your risks and assuaging your fears. Good luck!

Certification of bottled water?

In a previous post, I replied to a reader on bottled water. I thought I should write a bit more about this topic of bottled water here.


Bottled water is probably worse than drinking water in terms of the bewildering plethora of regulations and certifications. To streamline this discussion a bit (and also to keep this post readably short), I will just touch on some of the major ones.




International Bottled Water Association (IBWA) (based in USA)
Bottled water companies can pay to become its members. It has a documented code of practice here. However, members have the discretion to follow (or not to follow) the code.


The document includes guidelines for operating a bottling plant, water quality parameters to test for in both source and finished water.


It also has definitions for the different types of bottled water. Other regulatory organisations have roughly similar definitions. If you thought bottled water is simply water, check out the following xxx water.

1. "Artesian Water" or “Artesian Well Water” means bottled water from a well tapping a
   confined aquifer in which the water level stands at some height above the top of the aquifer.
    
2. "Demineralized Water" means bottled water which is produced by distillation, deionization,reverse osmosis, or other suitable process and that meets the definition of purified water.
    
    
    
    
3. "Deionized Water" means water that has been produced by a process of deionization and that meets the definition of "purified water"
    
    
    
4. "Distilled Water" means water which has been produced by a process of distillation and
    
    
   meets the definition of "purified water"
    
5. "Mineral Water" means water containing not less than 250 parts per million (ppm) total dissolved solids (TDS), coming from a source tapped at one or more boreholes or springs,
   originating from a geologically and physically protected underground water source.
    
6. "Natural Water" means bottled spring water, mineral water, artesian water, artesian wellwater, or well water which is derived from an underground formation or water from surface
   water that only requires minimal processing
    
7. "Spring Water" means water derived from an underground formation from which water flows naturally to the surface of the earth.
    

USA Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

 

In USA, bottled water is tightly regulated by FDA. Note that tap water in USA is regulated by EPA instead.

 

Some interesting points:

 

1. "FDA monitors and inspects bottled water products and processing plants under its general food safety program, not a specific bottled water program.
2. As with other types of food, FDA periodically collects and analyzes samples of bottled water.
3. FDA laboratories may test the water for microbiological, radiological or chemical contamination. Individual samples are not tested for all possible contaminants cited in the quality standard, but for selected contaminants, depending on the reason for the sampling.
4. Bottled water is considered to have an indefinite safety shelf life if it is produced in accordance with CGMP and quality standard regulations and is stored in an unopened, properly sealed container. Therefore, FDA does not require an expiration date for bottled water. However, long-term storage of bottled water may result in aesthetic defects, such as off-odor and taste. Bottlers may voluntarily put expiration dates on their labels.
5. The materials used to produce plastic containers for bottled water are regulated by the FDA as food contact substances. Food contact substances must be approved under FDA's food additive regulations."

EU's European Federation of Bottled Waters (EFBW)

 

All bottled waters are strictly regulated under EU law.

Of particular interest is Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption. Like other regulatory documents, it lists down quality standards (these as usual include chemical, microbiological and radiological parameters), sampling and monitoring.

 

National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) (based in USA)

As seen above, FDA and EFBW are legislative and regulatory in nature while IBWA is more about self-regulation/compliance. Guess what, NSF is really about certification!

Its certification process seems quite comprehensive

• HACCP (hazard analysis and critical control point) and ingredient review
• Facility audit
• Product testing
• The client get to choose which regulations to test against e.g. FDA, EU, WHO
• Source water testing
• Label review
• Recertification
• Done yearly via an unannounced audit and product testing

Bottled water supplies certified as such will get to stick the NSF logo on their products and have their company names listed in the NSF database.

In case you are thinking to rushing to click the above database link to see whether your favourite bottled water is listed there and if you are staying in Singapore (SG), I think you may be disappointed. Hardly any of our local bottled water suppliers are shown. In fact, the only NSF certified bottled water I found (though there may be others I am not aware of) is Icelandic Glacial Natural Spring Water retailed by Watsons. (No, of course I am not promoting or endorsing the drink. I am simply using it as an example.)

Personally, I believe NSF certification is a great step forward for a bottled water. IT definitely endows more confidence to the consumer on the safety of the product.

Finally, what about SG itself?

When I did a quick scan of the bottled water around me, it seems most of them come from Malaysia and Indonesia unless you have the cash to spare and buy brands imported from Europe. Quite a few large companies have bottled water labelled with their companies' logos and names and those are typically from our 2 neighbouring countries.

Before you suspect the safety and quality of these uncertified products, understand that all bottled water in SG are regulated under AVA.

Referring to AVA's document, many documents have to be submitted to AVA e.g. site plan of the water source, factory licence, authentication certificate for import of bottled water. Every consignment has to be accompanied by a health certificate that includes the concentrations of various water quality parameters (microbiological and chemical, no radiological though).

In addition, "meeting the import requirements does not exempt the imported consignments from inspection and sampling for laboratory tests by AVA"

My take

Unlike water filters, bottled water (even more for tap water) is pretty regulated in terms of legislation. Still, compare AVA's bottled water requirements of about 30 water quality parameters to WHO's ~200 parameters for drinking water or PUB's similarly numerous parameters for tap water and you get the idea that bottled water is lagging behind in its stringency... unless a bottled water supplier is willing to get NSF certification based on WHO drinking water standards.

So buyers take note, bottled water is not necessarily safer than tap water.