Workshop Review: Applying Water Quality and Filtration (supported by LearnSG Seed Fund & Singapore Red Cross)

Applying Water Quality and filtration!

Groups and individuals had a great time on 13 and 20 May 2018 at Red Cross House, learning about the water quality parameters critical to drinking water, how to test if the water is safe and some methods to produce safe drinking water.

The workshop was not merely a theoretical classroom lesson as participants got to interact with the facilitator and other participants, discussing about their uncertainties and fears regarding safe drinking water. The workshop ended with a hands-on session in which participants had the opportunity to dirty their hands (gloves actually) testing several critical water quality parameters in water samples.

Figure: Hands-on session with apparatus and materials laid out on the benches

Figure: When using a colour comparator, make sure you hold it at a light source (ideally the sky) for a good reading

Figure: Hands-on session with instruments and chemical reagents

Figure: Nitrate test - User was holding a test strip and comparing its colour. In the background was another test kit requiring the addition of chemical reagents.

Figure: Using a colour comparator to test for ammonia. Holding it to the sky gives a good reading of the ammonia level in the water sample

Figure: Thanks to the support Singapore Red Cross, we had this comfortable and conducive environment for our workshop.

A project supported by the LearnSG Seed Fund:

Every Day, A Learning Day

Also supported by

Singapore Red Cross

Workshop: Applying Water Quality and Filtration (supported by Lifelong Learning Council & Singapore Red Cross)

Figure: SETA water filtration unit for use in humanitarian assitance/ disaster relief

Date: 13 May 2018 (Sun) / 20 May 2018 (Sun)

[The 2 sessions are similar so you only need to sign up for one unless you feel like you need a revision.]

Time: 1 - 5p.m.

Venue: Red Cross House, 15 Penang Lane

No. of places for each session: 40 pax

Workshop Description

Water quality is a constant challenge for disaster relief and developmental work in developing countries. You may find sufficient water sources but how do you know whether the water is drinkable? When the lives and welfare of your beneficiaries are dependent on your judgement, it is imperative you make the right decision.

Often, the staff or volunteer responsible for such work is in need of useful and concise information on water quality and filtration to act effectively in the field.

At the end of this workshop, the learner should be able to:

1. Identify critical water quality parameters to consider in the provision of drinking water
2. Decide on the water contaminants of significance
3. Apply the correct type of water filtration (if any) in the provision of drinking water

This workshop emphasises hands-on work by the learners in literature search and water quality testing.

Figure: Chemical testing of water quality

A project supported by the LearnSG Seed Fund:

Every Day, A Learning Day

Also supported by

Singapore Red Cross

What good is testing for ORP (oxidation reduction potential)?

Personally, I hardly have a need to test for ORP (oxidation reduction potential). But recently, a supplier mentioned this water quality paramter in our discussion so I thought of writing a bit about it.


It is supposed to measure the redox (reduction-oxidation) state of a water sample. Usually in units of mV, it indicates whether the water is more likely to support oxidation (positive values of ORP) or reduction (negative values of ORP).


For those unfamiliar with chemistry, a very simple (perhaps overly so) explanation: oxidation is the process of chemical compounds reacting with oxygen (think combustion) while reduction happens when chemical compounds lose oxygen to become something else. (Yes, I know this explanation is woefully inadequate but it will have to do for this post. If anyone is inclined to find out more, please feel free to search for through the numerous chemistry websites.)


An alternative perspective through a biological lens:

1. positive potential means the water is in an aerobic state
2. negative potential indicates an anaerobic state

This can obviously apply to natural waters and wastewater treatment. In wastewater treatment, ORP can be easily and continuously monitored for feedback and control. But in the case of natural waters, I prefer to simply test for dissolved oxygen (DO) level if I am interested in how aerobic or anaerobic it is. I like DO being a direct measure of an important chemical species (i.e. oxygen) which directly affects aquatic organisms and biochemical processes.


Technically, an ORP probe is a circuit containing a reference electrode (immersed in a reference electrolyte) and an indicating electrode (immersed in the water sample). A salt bridge links the reference electrolyte and the water sample, allowing flow of ions but not mixing. The other ends of the 2 electrodes are linked to a voltmeter which shows the potential difference between the 2 electrodes - this is the ORP reading. Relatively simple and cheap, it can provide continuous monitoring in process control.


Weaknesses

1. Unlike DO or pH, ORP does not measure any specific chemical species since it reflects the various reactions occuring on the indicating electrode to produce a "mixed potential". This gives rise to a "black box" effect - you have an output but you have no idea what processes are involved.
2. The "black box" effect becomes an impediment to interpreting ORP values across different water systems. Actually, they probably make no sense beyond a very broad qualitative kind of conclusion. The ideal use of ORP is to make comparisons within the same system in which it can indicate a disturbance in the process.
3. Being an electrode system, the ORP can suffer from polarisation and poisoning of the indicator electrode surface, further affecting the accuracy of the reading.

Uses of ORP

1. Chemical disinfection seems to have found a use for ORP as it can give an idea of the disinfectant strength. Chemistry tech talk: most chemical disinfectants (ozone, chlorine, chloramine etc.) are oxidising agents (chemicals that promote oxidation) so the greater the disinfectant concentration, the more positive the ORP value. Nevetheless, it is a good idea to correlate the ORP to other tests that measure the actual chemical species e.g. ozone.
2. With the craze in alkaline water, hydrogen water etc. in recent years, it seems customary to measure the ORP to showcase the water's "anti-oxidant" properties. Of course, in this case, the more negative value, the stronger its anti-oxidant power. The health benefits are controversial and you can read a bit more in a previous post.

Figure: My ORP meter. Simple to measure but hardly used